Keris

Keris
Indonesian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A keris Javanese (right) with a dagger sheath (sheath).
Dagger is a dagger stabbing weapon class (pointy and sharp on both sides) with many cultural functions are known in the western and central archipelago. The shape is distinctive and easily distinguished from other sharp weapons because it is not symmetrical at the base of the dilated, often tortuous blade, and many of them have the prestige (Damascene), ie strokes on a piece of bright metal blade. Stabbing weapon types that have similarities with the dagger dagger.
In the past, Kris serves as a weapon in a duel / battle, [1] as well as object complement offerings. In contemporary usage, a dagger is more of a body accessory (ageman) in dress, has a number of cultural symbols, or a collection of objects is judged in terms of aesthetics.
The use of the keris is spread on the territory once the community residents affected by the Majapahit, such as Java, Madura, Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan coast, most of Sulawesi, the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand and southern Philippines (Mindanao). Keris Mindanao known as dull. Keris in each region has its own peculiarities in appearance, function, technique filmed, and terminology.
Keris Indonesia has been listed in UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage of Human Non-material since 2005. [2]
The origin of the keris is not fully explained because there is no source of the descriptive writing about them dating from before the 15th century, although the mention of the term "dagger" was listed in the inscription from the 9th century AD. Dagger shape the development of scientific review was mostly based on analysis of figures in the reliefs or sculptures. Meanwhile, knowledge about the function of the keris is traceable from some of the inscriptions and the reports of foreign explorers to the archipelago.
Beginning: Effect of India-China
Ge, dagger-axes of TiongkokKuna (V century BC to III BC), shows the prestige of the blade.
With a sharp weapon believed to be a source of inspiration keris can be found on relics perundagian of the Dong Son Culture and southern China [3]. Alleged influence of Chinese culture in the use of Kuna stabbing weapon, as a forerunner of the keris, is allowed into the Dong Son culture (Vietnam) which is a "bridge" the influence of Chinese culture to the archipelago. A number of kris today for offerings have human-shaped handle (not distilir like modern keris), together with a dagger Dong Son [3], and one with the blade.
The attitude of respect for the various metal objects filmed as the Indian influence can be traced, especially Siwaisme [4]. Dakuwu inscriptions (6th century) shows Indian iconography featuring "wesi aji" like trident, kudhi, sickle, and the dagger sombro [5]. Historians generally agree, a dagger from the pre-Singasari known as "Kris Buda", a short form and not berluk (straight), and is considered as a form of the initial (prototype) kris. [6] Some dagger findings of Dong Son culture has similarities with kris and kris sadjen Buda. Keris sadjen have the grip of metal fused with a keris.
Kris prototypes from pre-Majapahit
Dagger-like depiction of objects in the reliefs of Borobudur temple.
The works of sculpture dating from the first millennium AD most forms of display and stabbing weapon "wesi aji" other than India. Although it is known there is one panel reliefs of Borobudur temple (9th century) which shows a person holding a dagger similar objects.
From the same century, the inscription dates to 824 AD Karangtengah mention the term "keris" in a list of equipment [5]. Poh Inscription (904 AD) called "kris" as part of the offering to be offered [5]. However, it is unknown whether the "keris" it refers to the object as it is known today.
Keris Knaud, one example of keris Buda.
In the knowledge of the keris Javanese (padhuwungan), a dagger from the pre-Kadiri-Singasari known as the "kris Buda" or "kris sombro". Kris-kris is not berpamor and simple [7]. Buda kris kris considered a modern form of bodyguards. Examples of forms that are often cited Buda kris is a family owned Knaud obtained from Charles Knaud Batavia, a Dutch interest in Javanese mysticism, from Sri Paku Alam V. Keris has reliefs of the Ramayana epic figure on the surface of the blade and put the numbers in Saka 1264 (1342 AD), contemporary with the Temple upgrading, although there are doubts to date.
Low reliefs in the temple of upgrading, Blitar. Note the upper arms are not symmetrical and the slender blades showed characteristics of modern keris.
Keris Buda has similarities with various images dagger shape seen in temples in Java before the 11th century. Dagger in these temples still show traits of weapons of India, has not experienced "pemribumian" (indigenisasi). The existence of these portrayals of the "wesi aji" as a component of the icons of Hindu gods have brought an attitude of respect for various weapons, including a dagger in the future. Nevertheless, there is no authentic evidence of the evolution of changes in India towards kris dagger style of this Buda.
Study of iconography and style of buildings carved in the Kadiri-Singasari (the 13th century until the 14th) showed a tendency towards India pemribumian of pure Javanese style, is no exception with a dagger. One statue of Shiva Singasari period (early 14th century) held the "wesi aji" like kris, different from the depiction of the past. One of low relief (bas-reliefs) on the temple walls Upgrading also showed a similar use of dagger stabbing weapon. Upgrading temple (11th century to the 13th AD) from the end of the Kadiri Kingdom in Blitar, East Java
Modern Keris

Kris studio MPU maker Sukuh shown in reliefs.
Kris dagger stabbing and Pagarruyung palace collection. Dagger stabbing had been known from the first millennium in the archipelago.
Keris known modern historians now believed to acquire its form during the Majapahit (14th century) and new Mataram Sultanate (17th century-18), although the reliefs on Candi Bahal heritage Kingdom Panai / Pane (the 11th century AD) , as part of the Srivijaya empire, in North Sumatra Portibi, showed indications that in the 10-11 century dagger as it is known now find its form. From the 15th century, one of the reliefs in Sukuh, which is the shrine of the end of the Majapahit period, clearly shows a master craftsman was making kris. Relief is on the left describes Bhima as the personification of the iron masters of the middle, in the middle of Ganesha and Arjuna middle tube pumping air blower for the furnace. The wall behind the master featuring a variety of metal forging, including keris. This is the reason for the experts to declare that the shape of the keris is known now has reached its modern developments in the Majapahit period.
... . These people [Majapahit] always mengenakanpu-la-t'ou tucked in his belt. [...], Which is made of steel, with intricate patterns and subtle stripes on the leaves; the upper reaches of gold, horn, or ivory carved in human form or face a giant with a highly refined and cultivated diligently.
- Ma Huan, "Ying-yai Sheng-lan Fai"
Ma Huan's notes from the year 1416, members of Cheng Ho's expedition, in the "Ying-yai Sheng-lan" mentions that the people of Majapahit was always wearing the "dagger" (pu-la-t'ou) tucked in his belt. There is a description which indicates that the "dagger" This is a dagger and prestige manufacturing techniques have been well developed. [8]. Tome Pires, Portuguese explorers of the 16th century, mentioned the usage habits of the keris by men of Java [9]. Descriptions are not much different from that mentioned Ma Huan century earlier.
News of the Portuguese and French from the 17th century has demonstrated widespread use of the prestige and the use of dagger handles of wood, horn, or ivory in various places in the archipelago [10].
... every man in Java, no matter rich or poor, should have a keris at home ... and none of the men aged between 12 and 80 years traveling without a keris in his belt. Keris is placed on the back, like a dagger diPortugal ...
- Tome Pires' Suma Oriental "The development of function kris
At present, the keris has diverse functions and this is indicated by the diversity of existing forms of keris.
Kris as an element of sacrifice, as expressed by the inscriptions of the first millennium show as part of a sacrificial dagger. At present, the keris is also still part of the offerings. Furthermore, the keris is also used in rituals / ceremonies mystical or paranormal. Kris for using this kind has a different shape, with the upstream kris pessimistic, so the upper one with a keris. Such known as Keris kris offerings or "kris majapahit" (not the same as formidable Majapahit keris)!.
The accounts of foreign shows the function of the keris as a weapon among the laity of Majapahit. Kris as a weapon has a blade that is strong, tough, but lightweight. Various legends of Demak, Mataram period known some of the famous dagger weapon, such as kris Nagasasra Sabukinten.
French Report of the 16th century has been told the role of the keris as a symbol of the greatness of the leaders of Sumatra (especially the Sultanate of Aceh) [11]. Godinho de Heredia from Portugal wrote in his journal of 1613 that the Malay Peninsula residents ("Hujung Land") has given poison on the blade dagger and scabbard and upstream dagger adorned with precious stones [12].
"Smoothing" kris function seems to be getting stronger since the 19th century onwards, in line with the easing of political turmoil in the archipelago and a stronger use of firearms. In this development, the role of the keris as a weapon was gradually reduced. For example, in Java idealism of a man "perfect", it is often argued that the keris or suspected to be a symbol of the handle knowledge / skills for life provision [13] [14]. The growing use of manners as well as variations in shape kris dagger scabbard (sheath) which is known today can be said is also a form of smoothing function of the keris.

Different ways to wear a keris on Javanese culture.
At present, the keris Javanese keris is always seen as tosan aji or "hard objects (coins) are noble," not as a weapon. Keris is dhuwung, together with a spear; both are considered as objects "handle" (ageman) taken the primacy by taking the form of stabbing weapon in the past. In Malaysia, the culture of a strong monarchy, the identity of the Malay keris.
The procedure for the use of different dagger in each region. In the area of ​​Java and the Sunda example, a dagger was placed in the back of the waist in peacetime but is placed in front during the war. Placement dagger in front can be interpreted as a willingness to fight. In addition, related to the function, sarong keris Java also has major variations: Gayaman and ladrang. Meanwhile, in Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines, a dagger was placed in front of the ceremonies of greatness.

[Edit] Materials, manufacture, and maintenance
Basic metal used in the manufacture of iron and steel dagger is. To make light of the masters of the basic ingredients are always mixing it with other metals. Keris today (nem-Neman, made since the 20th century) often take a mixture of nickel. Past Keris (dagger kuna), which both have a mix of stone meteorites that are known to have a high titanium content, in addition to nickel, cobalt, silver, tin, chromium, antimony, dantembaga. Stone meteorites Prambanan is the famous meteorite, which had fallen in the 19th century Prambanan enshrinement in the complex.
Kris-making varies from one master to another master, but there are procedures that are usually alike. Here is a brief process according to one of the libraries [15]. Blade steel as the base material is heated to incandescence diwasuh or forged and then repeatedly to remove impurities (eg carbon and various oxides). Once clean, the bar is folded like the letter U for the prestige of the material plate inserted in it. These folds subsequently re-heated and forged. Once attached and elongated, this mixture of folded and forged back repeatedly. Way, the strength and position of forging, as well as the many folds will affect the prestige that comes later. This process is called saton. Final form is elongated slab. Slab is then cut into two parts, called kodhokan. A steel plate and then placed between two kodhokan like sandwiches, then tied dipijarkan and forged to unify. Kodhokan end then made slightly elongated to be cut and used marijuana. The next stage is to form a pessimistic, bengkek (gandhik candidate), and finally establish whether berluk or straight blades. Luk-making is done by heating.
The next stage is the manufacture of ornaments (Ricikan) by working on certain parts using a miser, grinders, and drill, in accordance with dhapur kris will be made. Silak waja done by filing the bar to see the prestige of being formed. Cannabis was made to follow the bottom bar. Adapted to the diameter of the hole size pessimistic. The last stage, namely nyepuhi, done so that the dagger looks old. In the Philippines kris not done this process. Nyepuhi ("consider smb. Head") is done by inserting the blade into the mixture of sulfur, salt, and lime juice (called kamalan). Nyepuhi anneal can also be done with kris and then dipped into the liquid (water, salt water, or coconut oil, depending on the master that makes). Nyepuhi action should be done with caution because if one can make a kris cracked.
Provision of arsenic and fragrance oils made as dagger care in general. Kris care in the Javanese tradition done every year, usually on bulanMuharram / Sura, although this is not a requirement. Kris term care is a "bath" kris, although actually done is to remove the old fragrance oil and rust on the keris, usually with a liquid acid (traditionally using water coconut, crushed noni fruit, or lemon juice). Blades that have been cleaned and then given warangan when necessary to reinforce the prestige, cleaned again, and then given a fragrance oil to protect a keris from the new rust. This fragrance oil is traditionally used oil jasmine or sandalwood oils are diluted in coconut oil.
Morphology
Some terms in this section is taken from the Javanese tradition, simply because the references are available.
Keris or dhuwung consists of three main parts, namely the blades (or leaves wilah kris), hashish ("crutch"), and upstream kris (engraving, dagger handles). The part that should exist is the bar. Hulu kris can separate or fused with the blades. Marijuana is not always there, but kris-kris good always have it. Keris as weapons and tools are protected by a sheath ceremonial dagger or sheath.
Keris is a major part of the identification of a dagger. Knowledge of the form (dhapur) or morphology kris be important for identification purposes. Kris has many forms of spiritual symbols other than aesthetic value. Common things to consider in the morphology of the keris is a bend (luk), ornaments (Ricikan), color or beam blades, as well as patterns of prestige. The combination of these various components produces a number of standard forms (dhapur) kris a lot laid out in the libraries of the keris.
Effect of time affects the style of manufacture. Kris-making style is reflected in the concept of tough, which is usually associated with the periodization of history and geography, as well as the master who made it.

Kris dagger handles or upstream
Grip kris (Javanese: Gaman) is a variety of motives, to keris Bali there that looks like a god, pedande (priest), a giant, dancers, and there is a forest hermit who kinatah engraved with gold and precious stones and inlaid with rubies usually .
Kris handles Sulawesi describe seabird. It was as a symbol of the most professional people who are sailors Sulawesi, while the bird is a symbol of world salvation. As head of the bird motif is also used in the kris Riau Linga, and to other areas as the development center tosan aji such as Aceh, Bangkinang (Riau), Palembang, Sambas, Kutai, Bugis, Luwu, Java, Madura and Sulu, has carved kris and a different symbol. In addition, the materials used were derived from various materials such as ivory, bone, metals, and most of the wood.
To handle Javanese kris, largely composed of wingking sirah (head back), jiling, cigir, shallow, bathuk (head front), weteng and cauliflower.

 Warangka or sarong keris
Sheath, or sarong keris (Banjar Language: tainted), is a component of the keris that has a specific function, especially in the social life of the Java community, not least because this is the part that looks directly. Sheath that originally made of wood (the common ones are teak, sandalwood, timoho, and yellow). In line with the times there growth wrangka function as a reflection of social status for its users. The top or ladrang-Gayaman often replaced with ivory.
Broadly speaking there are two forms of the sheath, the sheath ladrang types of parts: tweezers, lata, beard, gandek, Godong (shaped like a leaf), axle, ri and cangkring. And the other type is the type wrangka Gayaman (gandon) which parts similar to wrangka ladrang but there is no tweezers, Godong, and gandek.
Usage rules wrangka form has been determined, although not absolute. Wrangka ladrang used for official ceremonies, say to the king, the official palace of the other events (the coronation, the appointment of royal officials, marriage, etc.) with the intention of respect. The procedure for its use is by slipping axle dagger in the folds of the belt (Stagen) on the back of the waist (including as consideration for the safety of the king). While wrangka Gayaman used for daily purposes, and the dagger was placed on the front (near the waist) or behind (rear waist).
In war, that is used is wrangka Gayaman kris, its consideration is of the practical and concise, because wrangka Gayaman further enable fast and easy to move, because the shape is more modest.
Ladrang and Gayaman is a pattern-form wrangka, and the main part according wrangka function is long-shaped bottom (along wilah kris) is called the axle or antupan, then the function is to wrap wilah axle (bar) and usually made of wood (considered to not damage the metal mixture wilah).
Since the function of the axle to wrap, so that the function of beauty does not come first, then to be coated memperindahnya sleeve-like cylinder disebutpendok. Pendok part (sleeve lining) is usually very beautifully carved, made of brass, suasa (mixture of copper gold), silver, gold. For areas outside of Java (the kings of Bugis, Goa, Palembang, Riau, Bali) pendoknya made of gold, along with decorations such as embroidery string of gold and diamond flower studded with diamonds.
For the Javanese kris, according to the shape pendok there are three kinds, namely (1) pendok bunton shaped shells without hemisphere flat on its side, (2) pendok cantaloupe (blengah) split lengthwise up on one end so that the axle will be seen, and (3) pendok topengan a slit located just in the middle. When viewed from the decoration, there are two kinds of pendok pendok pendok carved and plain (without engraving).
Wilah
Moro kris (dull) from Sulu, the blades are not elderly and not berpamor.
Wilah or wilahan is the main part of a dagger, and also consists of certain parts are not the same for every wilahan, which is usually called the kitchen, or the naming of various forms on wilah-bar (there are dozens of kitchen). For example, can be mentioned dapurjangkung Mayang, bachelor lola, pinarak, diadem murub, cauliflower, kebo tedan, Pudak sitegal, etc..
At the base there wilahan pessimistic, which is the lower end of a keris or keris handles. This section goes into the handle of the kris (engraving). This Pesi length between 5 cm to 7 cm, with a cross section of about 5 mm to 10 mm, oval shape like a pencil. In the area of ​​East Java, called pivot, in Riau called a nipple, while for the Sarawak, Brunei and Malaysia called punting.
At the base (base dagger) or the bottom of a keris is called cannabis (for local calls aring Malay peninsula). In the center there is a pessimistic hole (round) just to enter a pessimistic, so that the wilah and cannabis were inseparable. Aji budayatosan observers say that the unity symbolized the unity of the phallus and yoni, which represents the symbol of the yoni marijuana while symbolizing lingganya pessimistic. Marijuana is quick lizard-shaped, the front is called sirah lizard, called the Gulu meled the neck, abdomen and tail are called wetengan called sebit ron. Various forms of cannabis are manifold, wilut, dungkul, leeches and sebit rontal flashing.
Luke, is a winding section of wilah-keris, and seen from the shape of the keris can be divided into two broad categories, namely keris keris blade is straight and winding or luk. One simple way to calculate luk at the bar, starting from the base toward the tip of the keris dagger, calculated from the convex side and is done on both sides of this side of the (right-left), then the last number is the number of luk at wilah-blades and the numbers are always odd (odd) and never even, and the smallest is the luk three (3) and most are luk thirteen (13). If there are a number of keris luk its more than thirteen, usually called kalawija kris, or dagger unusual.
Pasikutan, formidable dagger, and developments in the present
See also the article Tough kris.
What is meant by pasikutan is "roman" or impression of emotion generated by the shape of a dagger. Typically, the personification pinned on a dagger, for example a dagger looks like a "hunchback", "not enthusiastic", "cheerful", "unbalanced", and so forth [16]. Ability suggests pasikutan an advanced stage in the keris and explore the science of bringing someone on panangguhan kris.
Idioms / force creation of a keris is affected by age, residence and taste masters who created it. In terms of the keris Javanese keris style according to the time and place is termed as resilient. Tangguh can also be interpreted as "estimates", the intention is to follow the style expected of a dagger of a particular era or place. "Suspension" dagger is generally performed on heirloom kris-kris, kris-kris although the new can also be made to follow a certain tough, depending on the desires of the dagger or the owner.
Tough keris is not absolute because the description of any respite could be overlapping. In addition, libraries do not have agreement on the old masters who put in a tough. This is due to oral tradition before the 20th century padhuwungan used in science.
Although not identical to the age of tough, resilient, kris (Javanese) are the oldest that can be found today is tough Buda (Buda or dagger). The oldest modern heirloom kris ascribed Pajajaran tough, ie from the period when most of Central Java is still under the influence of the Kingdom Galuh. Keris is the youngest of the reign Pakubuwana X (ending 1939). Furthermore, the quality of the keris continued to fall, even in Surakarta in the decade of the 1940s none of the kris intelligent who survive [17].
Resurrection crafts dagger in Surakarta began in 1970, dibidani by KRT Hardjonagoro (Go Tik Swan) and supported by Sudiono Humardani [17], through perkumpulanBawa Rasa Tosan Aji. Slowly clever activity bounced back and eventually kris kris science also became one course at the College of Arts Indonesia Surakarta (now ISI Surakarta).
Kris-kris made by the clever now known as kris kris Kamardikan ("kris independence"). This period gave birth to some clever famous keris from Solo [17] such as KRT. Supawijaya (Solo), Pauzan Pusposukadgo (Solo), clever team kris STSI Surakarta, Harjosuwarno (KRT-owned studio working on Hardjonagoro in Solo), Suparman Wignyosukadgo (Solo) [1

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